Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

培训和评估语言模型越来越多地要求构建元数据 - 多样化的策划数据收集，并具有清晰的出处。自然语言提示最近通过将现有的，有监督的数据集转换为多种新颖的预处理任务，突出了元数据策划的好处，从而改善了零击的概括。尽管将这些以数据为中心的方法转化为生物医学语言建模的通用域文本成功，但由于标记的生物医学数据集在流行的数据中心中的代表性大大不足，因此仍然具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了BigBio一个由126个以上的生物医学NLP数据集的社区库，目前涵盖12个任务类别和10多种语言。 BigBio通过对数据集及其元数据进行程序化访问来促进可再现的元数据策划，并与当前的平台兼容，以及时工程和端到端的几个/零射击语言模型评估。我们讨论了我们的任务架构协调，数据审核，贡献指南的过程，并概述了两个说明性用例：生物医学提示和大规模，多任务学习的零射门评估。 BigBio是一项持续的社区努力，可在https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/biomedical上获得。

基准测试对于人工智能（AI）的衡量和转向进步至关重要。但是，最近的研究引起了人们对AI基准测试状态的关注，报告了基准过度拟合，基准测试饱和度以及基准数据集创建的集中化等问题。为了促进监测AI基准测试生态系统的健康状况，我们介绍了创建基准创建和饱和全球动力学的凝结图的方法。我们策划了1688个基准测试的数据，涵盖了计算机视觉和自然语言处理的整个领域，并表明很大一部分基准迅速趋向于近乎饱和，许多基准无法找到广泛的利用，并且基准为不同AI的基准性能增长任务容易出现不可预见的爆发。我们分析与基准流行相关的属性，并得出结论，未来的基准应该强调多功能性，广度和现实世界实用程序。

深度变压器神经网络模型在生物医学域中提高了智能文本处理系统的预测精度。他们在各种各样的生物医学和临床自然语言处理（NLP）基准上获得了最先进的性能分数。然而，到目前为止，这些模型的稳健性和可靠性较小。神经NLP模型可以很容易地被对抗动物样本所欺骗，即输入的次要变化，以保留文本的含义和可理解性，而是强制NLP系统做出错误的决策。这提出了对生物医学NLP系统的安全和信任的严重担忧，特别是当他们旨在部署在现实世界用例中时。我们调查了多种变压器神经语言模型的强大，即Biobert，Scibert，Biomed-Roberta和Bio-Clinicalbert，在各种生物医学和临床文本处理任务中。我们实施了各种对抗的攻击方法来测试不同攻击方案中的NLP系统。实验结果表明，生物医学NLP模型对对抗性样品敏感;它们的性能平均分别平均下降21％和18.9个字符级和字级对抗噪声的绝对百分比。进行广泛的对抗训练实验，我们在清洁样品和对抗性投入的混合物上进行了微调NLP模型。结果表明，对抗性训练是对抗对抗噪声的有效防御机制;模型的稳健性平均提高11.3绝对百分比。此外，清洁数据的模型性能平均增加2.4个绝对存在，表明对抗性训练可以提高生物医学NLP系统的概括能力。

比较基准数据集的模型性能是人工智能测量和驱动进展的一个组成部分。模型在基准数据集上的性能通常基于单个或一小组性能指标进行评估。虽然这使得能够快速比较，但如果度量标准不充分覆盖所有性能特征，则可能导致模型性能不充分反映模型性能。它在多大程度上可能影响基准努力。为了解决这个问题，我们根据数据涵盖了3867个机器学习模型性能的基于数据，分析了当前的性能指标景观，从而用代码的开放存储库的“论文”。我们的研究结果表明，目前使用的大多数指标都有可能导致模型绩效反映不足的属性。虽然已经提出了解决有问题属性的替代度量，但目前很少使用它们。此外，我们描述了报告的指标中的歧义，这可能导致难以解释和比较模型表演。

With the advent of Neural Style Transfer (NST), stylizing an image has become quite popular. A convenient way for extending stylization techniques to videos is by applying them on a per-frame basis. However, such per-frame application usually lacks temporal-consistency expressed by undesirable flickering artifacts. Most of the existing approaches for enforcing temporal-consistency suffers from one or more of the following drawbacks. They (1) are only suitable for a limited range of stylization techniques, (2) can only be applied in an offline fashion requiring the complete video as input, (3) cannot provide consistency for the task of stylization, or (4) do not provide interactive consistency-control. Note that existing consistent video-filtering approaches aim to completely remove flickering artifacts and thus do not respect any specific consistency-control aspect. For stylization tasks, however, consistency-control is an essential requirement where a certain amount of flickering can add to the artistic look and feel. Moreover, making this control interactive is paramount from a usability perspective. To achieve the above requirements, we propose an approach that can stylize video streams while providing interactive consistency-control. Apart from stylization, our approach also supports various other image processing filters. For achieving interactive performance, we develop a lite optical-flow network that operates at 80 Frames per second (FPS) on desktop systems with sufficient accuracy. We show that the final consistent video-output using our flow network is comparable to that being obtained using state-of-the-art optical-flow network. Further, we employ an adaptive combination of local and global consistent features and enable interactive selection between the two. By objective and subjective evaluation, we show that our method is superior to state-of-the-art approaches.

Vision transformers have emerged as powerful tools for many computer vision tasks. It has been shown that their features and class tokens can be used for salient object segmentation. However, the properties of segmentation transformers remain largely unstudied. In this work we conduct an in-depth study of the spatial attentions of different backbone layers of semantic segmentation transformers and uncover interesting properties. The spatial attentions of a patch intersecting with an object tend to concentrate within the object, whereas the attentions of larger, more uniform image areas rather follow a diffusive behavior. In other words, vision transformers trained to segment a fixed set of object classes generalize to objects well beyond this set. We exploit this by extracting heatmaps that can be used to segment unknown objects within diverse backgrounds, such as obstacles in traffic scenes. Our method is training-free and its computational overhead negligible. We use off-the-shelf transformers trained for street-scene segmentation to process other scene types.

The problem of generating an optimal coalition structure for a given coalition game of rational agents is to find a partition that maximizes their social welfare and is known to be NP-hard. This paper proposes GCS-Q, a novel quantum-supported solution for Induced Subgraph Games (ISGs) in coalition structure generation. GCS-Q starts by considering the grand coalition as initial coalition structure and proceeds by iteratively splitting the coalitions into two nonempty subsets to obtain a coalition structure with a higher coalition value. In particular, given an $n$-agent ISG, the GCS-Q solves the optimal split problem $\mathcal{O} (n)$ times using a quantum annealing device, exploring $\mathcal{O}(2^n)$ partitions at each step. We show that GCS-Q outperforms the currently best classical solvers with its runtime in the order of $n^2$ and an expected worst-case approximation ratio of $93\%$ on standard benchmark datasets.

Cartesian impedance control is a type of motion control strategy for robots that improves safety in partially unknown environments by achieving a compliant behavior of the robot with respect to its external forces. This compliant robot behavior has the added benefit of allowing physical human guidance of the robot. In this paper, we propose a C++ implementation of compliance control valid for any torque-commanded robotic manipulator. The proposed controller implements Cartesian impedance control to track a desired end-effector pose. Additionally, joint impedance is projected in the nullspace of the Cartesian robot motion to track a desired robot joint configuration without perturbing the Cartesian motion of the robot. The proposed implementation also allows the robot to apply desired forces and torques to its environment. Several safety features such as filtering, rate limiting, and saturation are included in the proposed implementation. The core functionalities are in a re-usable base library and a Robot Operating System (ROS) ros_control integration is provided on top of that. The implementation was tested with the KUKA LBR iiwa robot and the Franka Emika Robot (Panda) both in simulation and with the physical robots.

Active learning as a paradigm in deep learning is especially important in applications involving intricate perception tasks such as object detection where labels are difficult and expensive to acquire. Development of active learning methods in such fields is highly computationally expensive and time consuming which obstructs the progression of research and leads to a lack of comparability between methods. In this work, we propose and investigate a sandbox setup for rapid development and transparent evaluation of active learning in deep object detection. Our experiments with commonly used configurations of datasets and detection architectures found in the literature show that results obtained in our sandbox environment are representative of results on standard configurations. The total compute time to obtain results and assess the learning behavior can thereby be reduced by factors of up to 14 when comparing with Pascal VOC and up to 32 when comparing with BDD100k. This allows for testing and evaluating data acquisition and labeling strategies in under half a day and contributes to the transparency and development speed in the field of active learning for object detection.